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SUGGESTED READING LIST FOR RHEUMATOLOGY FELLOWS
AMYLOID
Compiled by Joel Buxbaum, MD
Amyoid Pathogenisis. General
1. Sipe JD. Amyloidosis. Ann Rev Biochem 61:947-975, 1992.
2. Buck FS, Koss MN, Sherrod AE, Wu A, Takahashi M. Ethnic distribution of amyloidosis. an autopsy study. Mod Path 2.372-377, 1989.
3. Jacobson DR, Buxbaum JN. Genetic aspects of amyloidosis. Adv Hum Genet 20:69-123, 1991.
4. Kelly JW, Lansbury PTJr. A chemical approach to elucidate the mechanism of transthyretin and beta-protein amyloid fibril formation. Int J Exp Clin Invest 1:186-205, 1994.
Amyloid Pathogenesis. Specific Forms
5. Bauxbaum J. Mechanisms of disease. Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition. Amyloidosis, light chain deposition disease, light and heavy chain deposition disease. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 6:323-346, 1992.
6. Stevens FJ, Myatt EA, Chang CH, Westholm FA, Eulitz M, Weiss DT, Murphy C, Solomon A, Schiffer M. A molecular model for self-assembly of amyloid fibrils. immunoglobulin light chains. Biochem 34:10697-10702, 1995.
7. Husby G. Amyloidosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 3:173-180, 1985.
8. McCutchen SL, Lai Z, Miroy GJ, Kelly JW, Colon W. Comparison of lethal and nonlethal transthyretin variants and their relationship to disease. Biochem 34:13527-13536, 1995.
9. Gejyo F, Yamada T, Odani S, Nakagawa Y, Arakawa M, Kunitomo T, Kataoka H, Suzuki M, Hirasawa Y, Shirahama T, Cohen AS, Schmid K. A new form of amyloid protein associated with chronic hemodialysis was identivied as B2-microglobulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 129:701-706, 1985.
Specific Amyloidoses. Clinical Features
10. Kyle RA, Gertz MA. Primary systemic amyloidosis. clinical and laboratory features in 474 cases. Semin Hemat 32:45-59, 1995.
11. Hazenberg BPC, van Rijswijk MH. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of AA amyloidosis. Balliere’s Clinical Rheumatology 8:661-690,1994.
12. David J, Vouyiouka O, Ansell BM, Hass A, Woo P. Amyloidosis in juvenile chronic arthritis. a morbidity and mortality study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 11:85-90, 1993.
13. Helin HJ, Korpela MM, Mustonen JT, Pasternack AJ. Renal Biopsy Findings and Clinicopathologic Correlations in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis and Rheum 38:242-247, 1995.
14. Benson MD, Uemichi T. Transthyretin amyloidosis. Amyloid.Int J Exp Clin Invest 3.44-56, 1996.
15. Schaffer J, Floege J, Koch KM. Clinical aspects of Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis. Contrib Nephrol 112:90-96, 1995.
Clinical Features of Amyloid by Organ Involvement
16. Wiernik P. Amyloid joint disease. Medicine 51:465-479, 1972.
17. Eyanson S, Benson MD. Erosive arthritis in hereditary amyloidosis. Arthritis Rheum 26:1145-1149, 1983.
18. Greipp PR, Kyle RA, Bowie EJ. Factor-X deficiency in amyloidosis. a critical review. Am J Hematol 11:443-450, 1981.
19. Lee JG, Wilson JAP, Gottfried MR. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Amyloidosis. Southern Medical Journal 87:243-247, 1994.
20. Kyle RA, Gertz MA, Linke RP. Amyloid localized to tenosynovium at carpal tunnel release. Immunohistochemical identification of amyloid type. Am J Clin Pathol 97:250-253, 1992.
21. Bjerrum OW, Rygaard-Olsen C, Dahlerup B, Bang FB, Haase J, Jantzen E, Overgaard J, Sehested PC. The carpal tunnel syndrome and amyloidosis. A Clinical and histological study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 86:29-32, 1984.
22. Ikegaya N, Hishida A, Sawada K, Furuhashi M, Maruyama Y, Kumagai H, Kobayashi S, Yamamoto T, Yamakazi K. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the carpal tunnel syndrome in hemodialysis peatients. Clincal Nephrology 44:231-237, 1995.
23. Gertz MA, Skinner M, Connors LG, Falk RH, Cohen AS, Kyle RA. Selective binding of nifedipine to amyloid fibrils. Am J Cardiol 55:1646, 1985.
24. Rubinow A, Skinner M, Cohen AS. Digoxin sensitivity in amyloid cardiomyopathy. Circulation 63:1285-1288, 1981.
Diagnostic Tools.
25. Klemi PJ, Sorsa S, Happonen RP. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy from subcutaneous fat. An easy way to diagnose secondary amyloidosis. Scand J Rheumatol 16:429-431, 1987.
26. Gertz MA, Li CY, Shirahama T, Kyle RA. Utility of subcutaneous fat aspiration for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis (immunoglobulin light chain). Arch Intern Med 148:929-933,1988.
27. Gallo GR, Feiner HD, Chuba JV, Beneck D, Marion P, Cohen DH. Characterization of tissue amyloid by immunoflourescence microscopy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 39:479-488, 1986.
28. Ekelund L. Radiologic Findings in Renal Amyloidosis. Amer J Roentgen 129:851-853, 1977.
29. Hawkins PPN, Cavender JP, Pepys MB. Evaluation of systemic amyloidosis by scintigraphy with 125I-labeled serum amyloid P component. N Engl J Med 323:508-513, 1990.
30. Simons M, Isner JM. Assessment of relative sensitivities of noninvasive tests for cardiac amyloidosis in documented cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 68:425-427, 1992.
31. Simmons Z, Blaivas M, Aguilera AJ, Feldman EL, Bromer MB, Towfighi J. Low diagnostic yield of sural nerve biopsy in patients with peripheral neuropathy and primary amyloidosis. J Neurol Sci 120:60-63, 1993.
Treatment AL.
32. Skinner M, Anderson JJ, Simms R, Falk R, Wang J, Libbey CA, Jones LA, Cohen AS. Treatment of 100 patients with primary amyloidosis. a randomized trial of melphalan, prednisone and colchicine versus colchicine only. Am J Med 100: 1996.
Treatment AA.
33. Pasternack A, Ahonen J, Kuhlback B. Renal Transplantation in 45 patients with amyloidosis. Transplantation 42:598-601, 1986.
Transthvretin
Holmgren G, Ericzon B-G, Groth C-G, Steen L, Suhr O, Andersen O, Wallin BG, Seymour A, Richardson S, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. Clinical improvement and amyloid regression after liver transplantation in transthvretin amyloidosis. Lancet 341:1113-1116, 1993.
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ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID
ANTIBODIES
Compiled by Dr. Michael D. Lockshin
Classic Papers
1. Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 2:1211-1214, 1983.
This paper first described the assay. The simplicity of the assay made possible the first generation of studies on the antiphospholipid antibody.
2. Lockshin MD, Druzin ML, Goei S, et al. Antibody to cardiolipin predicts fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 313:152-156, 1985.
This paper is one of several that quickly capitalized on the new Harris assay, applied it to pregnant patients, and pointed out the role of antiphospholipid antibody in predicting intrauterine growth restriction or fetal death.
3. McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krills SA. Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. Adv Immunol 49:193-290, 1993
The authors summarize a large amount of material, including their 1990 discovery of the "cofactor," *2- glycoprotein l, now considered to be the target antigen of antiphospholipid antibody.
Clinical Review:
4. Vianna JL, Khamshta MA, Ordi-Ros J, et al. Comparison of the primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome. A European multicenter of 114 patients. Am J Med 96:3-9, 1994
A large study that compares primary and secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: the features of the syndrome are similar, but associated diseases modify symptoms and outcomes.
5. Levine SR, Brey RL. Neurological aspects of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Lupus 5:347-353, 1996.
A contemporary viewpoint. A second chapter in the same issue describes treatment.
6. Oshiro BT, Silver RM, Scott JR, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 87:489-493, 1996
This paper documents that second trimester fetal loss is more characteristic of antiphospholipid antibody pregnancies than is early abortion.
7. Levy RA. Clinical manifestations of the aPL syndrome. Lupus 5:393-397, 1996
A short but thorough review.
8. Branch DW, Silver RM. Criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: early pregnancy loss, fetal loss, or recurrent pregnancy loss? Lupus 5:409-413, 1996
A thoughtful, critical and imaginative analysis of criteria used to define pregnancy loss. The criteria change how we think about the illness.
9. Asherson RA, Piette J-C. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome 1996: multi-organ failure associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a review of 31 patients. Lupus 5:414-417, 1996
A summary of the world's literature to date of this rare but devastating complication.
Treatment:
10. Lockshin MD. Which patients with antiphospholipid antibody should be treated and how? Rheum Dis Clin N Am 19:235-247,1993
A discussion of the controversies.
11. Kutteh WH. Antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss: treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low-dose aspirin alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174:1584-1589, 1996
One of several papers defining the current standard for treatment of antiphospholipid antibody pregnancies.
12. Khamashta MA, et al. The management of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:993- 997, 1995
A retrospective study, but the best that exists on various treatment regimens for clotting. A weak point: venous and arterial thromboses are not separately analyzed.
13. Reber G, Arvieux J, Comby E, et al. Multicenter evaluation of nine commercial kits for the quantitation of anticardiolipin antibodies. Thrombosis Haemost 73:444-452,1995
Unreliability of commercial tests (a European view). American results are no better.
14. Kandiah DA, Krilis SA. Laboratory detection of antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 5:160-162, 1996
A review of available tests and methods.
Immunology:
15. Emlen W. Antiphospholipid antibodies: new complexities and new assays. Arthritis Rheum 39:1441-1443, 1996
An editorial summary of current thinking.
16. Roubey RAS. Immunology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 39:1444-1454, 1996
A long, detailed, contemporary review.
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ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS
Compiled by Dr. Michael Weinblatt
1. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al. American College of Rheumatology preliminary definition of improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38:727-735, 1995
This definition of response is now being utilized in clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis.
2. van der Heide A, Jacobs JWG, Bijisma JWJ, et al. The effectiveness of early treatment with a "Second-line" antirheumatic drugs. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 124:699-707, 1996.
Early introduction of disease modifying drugs was advantageous in this randomized controlled trial from the Netherlands. Improvement in disability, pain and joint score were noted in those patients that received second-line therapies. This paper justifies the use of early DMARD.
3. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Guidelines for monitoring drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39:723-731, 1996
4. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39:713-722, 1996
Important references for the daily management of rheumatoid arthritis.
5. Landewe RBM, Dijkmans BAC, van der Woude FJ, et al. Long term low dose cyclosporin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: renal function loss without structural nephropathy. J Rheum 23:61-64, 1996
This study from the Netherlands examines renal biopsies in patients treated with chronic cyclosporin therapy. Long-term treatment with cyclosporin did not result in significant histopathology. This is one of the key studies examining the histology of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving cyclosporin.
6. Tilley BC, Alarcon GS, Heyse SP, et al. Minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 122:81-89, 1995
The use of minocycline in rheumatoid arthritis is of great interest to our patients. This is a well done study supported by the NIH and demonstrates a modest effect with minocycline compared to placebo.
7. Zurier RB, Rossetti RG, Jacobson EW, et al. Gamma- linolenic acid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 39:1808-1817, 1996
Dietary supplementation with fatty acids is also of interest to the lay community. This study demonstrates a beneficial effect with plant seed oil as compared to placebo.
8. van der Lubbe PA, Dijkmans BAC, Markusse HM, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 38:1097-1106, 1995
This randomized trial of a depleting anti-CD4 therapy in rheumatoid arthritis demonstrates a biological effect with depletion of CD4 positive cells, however, there was no significant clinical advantage of this therapy versus placebo.
9. Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor a (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344:1105-1110, 1994
This is the first randomized trial demonstrating the benefit of a biologic response modifier, in this case, a monoclonal against tumor necrosis factor. This is a positive study and has generated tremendous interest in using inhibitors of TNF* in rheumatoid arthritis.
10. Morgan SL, Baggott JE, Vaughn WH, et al. Supplementation with folic acid during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 121:833-841, 1994
11. Shiroky JB, Neville C, Esdaile JM, et al. Low-dose methotrexate with leucovorin (folinic acid) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 36:795-803, 1993
These studies of folic acid and folinic acid are important studies for reducing the toxicity of methotrexate.
12. Kamel OW, van de Rijn M, Weiss LM, et al. Reversible lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus occurring during methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 328:1317-1321, 1993
A recently reported adverse event associated with methotrexate is the development of reversible lymphomas. Epstein-Barr viruses were detected in the tumor cells. This has also been seen in post transplant patients receiving azathioprine and cyclosporin A.
13. Kremer JM, Alarcon GS, Lightfoot RW, Jr., et al. Methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum37:316-328, 1994
An ad hoc committee of the American College of Rheumatology has presented guidelines for monitoring liver toxicity. These are now widely in place and are of great value to our patients and the practicing rheumatology community.
14. O'Dell JR, Haire CE, Erikson N, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate alone, sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine, or a combination of all three medications. N Engl J Med 334:1287-1291, 1996
15. Tugwell P, Pincus T, Yocum D, et al. Combination therapy with cyclosporine and methotrexate in severe rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 333:137-141, 1995
These are two important combination studies for patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. These combinations are being actively utilized to manage patients with this disease.
16. Radis CD, Kahl LE, Baker GL, et al. Effects of cyclosphosphamide on the development of malignancy and on long-term survival of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A 20-year follow-up study. Arthritis Rheum 38:1120-1127, 1995
The use of cyclosphosphamide as a therapy for rheumatoid arthritis is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. This risk continues even into the second decade after discontinuing this drug. Studies like this are a major deterrent for the use of oral cyclosphosphamide for rheumatoid arthritis.
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ARTHRITIS REHABILITATION
Compiled by Dr. Eric Gall
1. Fries JF, Sptiz P, Kraines RG, et al. Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 23:137-145,1980.
2. Jette AM. Functional capacity evaluation: an empirical approach. Arch Phys Med Rehab 61:85-89, 1980.
3. Meenan RF, Gertman PM, Mason JH. Measuring health status in arthritis: the arthritis impact measurement scales. Arthritis Rheum 23:146-152, 1980.
4. Liang MH. The historical and conceptual framework for functional assessment in rheumatic diseases. J Rheum155:2-5, 1987.
5. Pincus T, Summey JA, Soraci SA, et al. Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified standard health assessment questionnaire. Arthritis Rheum 26:1346-1353, 1983.
6. Michlovitz SL. Thermal Agents in Rehabilitation, second edition, Philadelphia, Davis, 1990.
7. Machover S, Sapecky AJ. Effect of isometric exercise on the quadriceps muscle in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehab 47:737-741, 1966.
8. Nordemar R. Physical training in rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled long-term study II. Functional capacity and general attitudes. Scand J Rheum 10:25-30, 1981.
9. Gerber L, Furst G, Shulman B, et al. Patient education program to teach energy conservation behaviors to patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehab 68:442-445, 1987.
10. Guide to Independent Living for People with Arthritis. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation, 1988.
11. Living and loving with arthritis: information on sex and arthritis. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation, 1991.
12. Kramer J, Yelin E, Epstein W. Work disability in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease, social and work factors. Ann Intern Med 93:551-556, 1980.
13. Handbook of Rehabilitative Rheumatology, edited by Hicks J, Nicholas J, Swezey R. Contact Assoc, Bayville, NY (For ACR, Atlanta), 1988.
14. Hicks JE, Gerber L. Rehabilitation of patients with joint and connective tissue diseases. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice, second edition, edited by Delisa J, Philadelphia, Lippincott, pp 1047-1081, 1993.
15. Hicks JE, Gerber L. Rehabilitation in the management of patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Management, edited by Moskowitz RW, Howell DS, Goldberg VM, Mankin HJ, Philadelphia, Saunders, pp 287-315, 1992.
16. Hicks JE. Comprehensive Rehabilitation of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Polymyositis, edited by Dalakas M. Butterworths, London, pp 284-304, 1988.
17. Hicks JE. Exercise in patients with inflammatory arthritis and connective tissue disease. Rheum Dis Clin N Am, 16:845- 863, 1990.
18. Hicks JE. Compliance: A major factor in the successful treatment of rheumatic diseases. Compr Ther 11:31-37, 1985.
19. Hicks JE. Strength improvement without significant CPK elevation in a polymyositis patient on an isometric exercise program. J Rheum 20:1399-1401, 1993.
20. Gerber L, Hicks JE. Exercise in the rheumatic diseases. Therapeutic Exercise, edited by Basmajian M. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, p 333, 1990.
21. Harkcom TM, Lampman RM, Banwell BF. Therapeutic value of graded aerobic exercise training in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 28:32-39, 1985.
22. Minor M, Hewett JE, Webel RR, et al. Exercise tolerance and disease related measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. J Rheum 15:905-911, 1988.
23. Nicholson CR, Coltrogl, Easton BSN. Effects of aerobic conditioning in lupus fatigue. A pilot study. Brit J Rheum 28:500-505, 1989.
24. Gerber L. Rehabilitation of rheumatic diseases. Primer on Rheumatic Diseases, tenth edition, edited by Schumacher HR Jr, Klippel JH, Koopman WJ. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation, pp 314-318, 1993.
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ARTHRITIS SURGERY
Compiled by Dr. Clement B. Sledge
1. Boden SD, Dodge LD, Bohlman HH, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the cervical spine. A long-term analysis with predictors of paralysis and recovery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75:1282- 1297, 1993.
2. Campbell RS, Wou P, Watt I. A continuing role for preoperative cervical spine radiography. Clin Radiol 50:157- 159, 1995.
3. Clark CR. Rheumatoid involvement of the cervical spine. An overview. Spine 19:2257-2258, 1994.
4. Ewald FC, Simmons EDJ, Sullivan JA, Thomas WH, et al. Capitellocondylar total elbow replacement in rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75:498, 1993.
5. Freeman MA, Snow S, Young PJ. Overall long-term impact of total hip and knee joint replacement surgery. Br J Rheum 33:357-360, 1994.
6. Friedman RJ, Thornhill TS, Thomas WH, Sledge CB. Non- constrained total shoulder replacement in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis and class-IV function. J Bone Joint Surg Am 71:494-498, 1989.
7. Harris WH, Sledge CB. Total hip and total knee replacement. N Engl J Med 323:725 (part 1), 801 (part 2), 1990.
8. Kay A, Davison B, Badley E, et al. Hip arthroplasty: Patient satisfaction. Br J Rheum 22:243, 1983
9. Kiefhaber TR, Strickland JW. Soft tissue reconstruction for rheumatoid swan-neck and boutonniere deformities: Long-term results. J Hand Surg Am 18:984-989, 1993.
10. Lakatos J, Csakanyi L. Comparison of complications of total hip arthroplasty in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosingspondylitis and osteoarthritis. Orthopedics 14:55-57, 1991.
11. Mann RA, Schakel M. Surgical correction of rheumatoid forefoot deformities. Foot Ankle Int 16:1-6, 1995.
12. Maric Z, Haynes RJ. Total hip arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop :197-199, 1993.
13. Peppelman WC, Kraus DR, Donaldson W, Agarwal A. Cervical spine surgery in rheumatoid arthritis: Improvement of neurologic deficit after cervical spine fusion. Spine 18:2375-2379, 1993.
14. Perhala RS, Wilke WS, Clough JD, Segal AM. Local infectious complications following large joint replacement in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate versus those not treated with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 34:146-152, 1991.
15. Rand JA, Ilstrup DM. Survivorship analysis of total knee arthroplasty. Cumulative rates of survival of 9200 total knee arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Am 73:397-409, 1991.
16. Skues MA, Welchew EA. Anesthesia and rheumatoid arthritis. Anesthesia 48:989-997, 1993.
17. Souter WA. Surgery of the rheumatoid elbow. Ann Rheum Dis 2:871-882, 1990.
18. Wahl MJ. Myths of dental-induced prosthetic joint infections. Clin Infect Dis 20:1420, 1995.
19. Walker L, Sledge CB. Total hip arthroplasty in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Orthop 262:198, 1991
20. Weinblatt ME: Antirheumatic Drug therapy and the surgical patient. In, Arthritis Surgery. Edited by CB Sledge, S Ruddy, ED Harris, Jr., WN Kelley. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1994
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BACK PAIN AND OCCUPATIONAL
MEDICINE
Compiled by Dr. Nortin M. Hadler
General:
1. Hadler NM. Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders. NewYork, Raven Press, 1993
Extensively referenced discussions of the diagnosis and management of the regional musculoskeletal disorders including ramifications for the patient beyond personal discomfort and tissue damage that relate to work capacity.
2. The Adult Spine, Second Edition. Edited by JW Frymoyer, TB Ducker, NM Hadler, et al. New York, Raven Press, 1996.
The standard text. A wealth of information in its thousands of pages.
3. Bigos S, Bowyer O, Braen G, et al. Acute low back problems in adults. Clinical practice guideline No. 14. AHCPR Publication No. 95-0642. Rockville, MD; Agency for HealthCare Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, December 1994
The extensively referenced work product of a committee charged with constructing management guidelines for acute back pain based on a systematic review of the available literature.
4. Disability Evaluation. Edited by SL Demeter, GBJ Andersson, GM Smith. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996
If you want a detailed exposition on the process of disability determination in America today, this tome is the reference. If you want an analysis of the rationale underlying this process, see below.
References relating to particular aspects of the management of the medical illness
5. Hoffman RM, Wheeler KJ, Deyo RA. Surgery for herniated lumbar discs: a literature synthesis. J Gen Intern Med 8:487-496, 1993
One of the most common surgical procedures in America lacks compelling scientific underpinning.
6. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, et al. Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Ann Intern Med 117:590-598, 1992
A structured review of an extensive experimental literature draws the conclusion that there may be some small benefit in one subset of patients.
7. Von Korff M, Barlow W, Cherkin D, Deyo RA. Effects of practice style in managing back pain. Ann Intern Med 121:187-195, 1994
It turns out that the context for care, not the particular modalities, are critical determinants of outcome.
8. Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S. Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine 20:722-728, 1995
The chief complaint "my back hurts" should be probed as surrogate for "my back hurts but I'm here because other aspects of my life are interfering with my ability to cope."
9. Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadski MN, Obuchowski N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 331:69-73, 1994
For regional back pain, the specificity of almost any finding on an MR image is such that diagnostic utility is rendered marginal at best.
10. Carey TS, Garrett J, Jackman A, et al. The outcomes and costs of care for acute low back pain among patients seen by primary care practitioners, chiropractors, and orthopedic surgeons. N Engl J Med 333:913-917, 1995
Although outcome does not vary as a function of provider, cost does.
References relating to particular aspects of the management of the illness of work incapacity
11. Hadler NM. The disabling backache. An international perspective. Spine 20:640-649, 1995
Disability determination in the west derives from Prussian statutes a century ago. However, transnational differences in evolution represent experiments in the fashion in legal constructs alter clinical judgement.
12. Hadler NM. Regional back pain: predicament at home, nemesis at work. J Occup Environ Med 38:973-978, 1996
The invention of the "injury" construct for regional back pain in the workplace some 50 years ago has led to a dramatic change in perception and outcome for the "injured" worker.
13. Hadler NM. A keyboard for "Daubert." J Occup Environ Med 38:469-476
The 1993 Supreme Court "Daubert" decision has dramatically altered the fashion in which science will play in the legal arena. This paper is such an exercise testing the inference the repetitive motion causes carpal tunnel syndrome. The inference is not tenable.
14. Hadler NM. If you have to prove you are ill, you can't get well. The object lesson of fibromyalgia. Spine 21:2402-2405, 1996
Arguments are developed that fibromyalgia is an example of iatrogenic somatizing process, which can be further exacerbated in the process of disability determination.
15. Hadler NM. Disability determination and the social conscience. Arthritis Care Res 9:163-169, 1996
Re-examination of the fashion in which disability determination in America serves the patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
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CORTICOSTEROIDS
Compiled by Dr. Steven B. Abramson
1. Bockman RS, Weinerman SA. Steroid-induced osteoporosis. Ortho Clin N Am 21:97-107, 1990.
2. Cronstein BN, Kimmel SC, Levin RI, et al. A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids: the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of ELAM-1 and ICAM-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9991-9995, 1992.
3. Dykman RT, Haralson KM, Gluck OS, et al. Effect of oral1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D and calcium on glucocorticoid- induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 27:1336-1343, 1984.
4. Gallant C, Kenny P. Oral glucocorticoids and their complications. J Am Acad Dermatol 14:161-177, 1986.
5. Goulding NJ, Guyre RM. Glucocorticoids, lipocortins and the immune response. Curr Opinion Immunol 5:108-113, 1993.
6. Hahn BH, Hahn TJ. Methods for reducing undesirable side effects of glucocorticoids. Adv Exp Med Biol 171:301-311,1984.
7. Hench PS, Kendal EC, Slocumb CH, et al. Effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17 hydroxy-11 dehydrocorticosterone,(Compound E) and of pituitary adrenocortico-tropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic fever. Preliminary report. Mayo Clin Proc 24:181-197, 1949.
8. Kimberly RP. Glucocorticoid therapy for rheumatic disease. Curr Opin Rheum 4:325-331, 1992.
9. Knudsen PJ, Dinarello CA, Strom TB. Glucocorticoids inhibit transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression ofinterleukin-1 in U937 cells. J Immunol 139:4129-4134, 1987.
10. Morand EF, Goulding NJ. Glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis-mediators and mechanisms. Brit J Rheum 32:816-819, 1993.
11. Neustadt DH. Local corticosteroid injection therapy in soft tissue rheumatic conditions of the hand and wrist. Arthritis Rheum 34:923-926, 1991.
12. Parillo JE, Fauci AS. Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on immune processes. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 19:179-201, 1979.
13. Paulus HE, Bulpitt KJ. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and corticosteroids. Primer on the rheumatic diseases, tenth edition, edited by Schumacher HR Jr, Klippel JH, Koopman WJ. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation, pp 298-303, 1993.
14. Piper JM, Ray WA, Daugherty JR, et al. Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Ann Int Med 114:735-740, 1991.
Corticosteroids alone do not increase the risk of hospitalization for peptic ulcer or gastrointestinal bleed, but when taken with NSAIDs the risk of non-fatal events increases markedly.
15. Schlaghecke R, Kornely E, Santen RT, et al. The effect of long-term glucocorticoid therapy on pituitary-adrenal responses to exogenous corticotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med 326:226-230, 1992.
A study of 279 patients, principally with collagen disorders, who were receiving prednisone in doses up to 30mg daily, is discussed. Daily dose, cumulative dose, and duration of therapy with exogenous corticosteroids does not explain the presence of pituitary-adrenal suppression.
16. Wahli W, Martinez E. Super family of steroid nuclear receptors: positive and negative regulators of gene expression. FASEB J 5:2243-2249, 1991.
17. Weiss MM. Corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis. Sem Arthritis Rheum 19:9-21, 1989.
18. Wilder RL, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine hormonal factors in rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions. Curr Opin Rheum 2:436-440, 1990.
19. Zelissen PMJ, Croughs RJM, van Rijk PP, et al. Effect of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on bone mineral density in patients with Addison's disease. Ann Int Med 120:207- 210, 1994.
20. Zizic T, Marcoux C, et al. Corticosteroid therapy association with ischemic necrosis of bone in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med 79:596-604, 1985.
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CRYSTAL DISORDERS
Compiled by Dr. H. Ralph Schumacher
1. Moreland LM, Ball GV. Colchicine and gout. Arthritis Rheum 34:782-786, 1991.
Use of oral and intravenous colchicine is reviewed with guidelines to avoid severe toxicity.
2. Kuncl RW, Duncan G, Watson D, et al. Colchicine myopathy and neuropathy. N Engl J Med 316:1562-1568, 1987.
The clinical, electrodiagnostic, and pathological findings of colchicine neuromyotoxicity are described.
3. Feraz MB, O'Brien B. A cost effectiveness analysis of urate lowering drugs in nontophaceous recurrent in gouty arthritis. J Rheum 22:908-914, 1995.
Treatment with urate lowering drugs is cost saving in patients having 2 or more attacks per year.
4. Hande KR, Noone RM, Stone WJ. Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Med 76:47-56, 1984.
A specific schedule for adjustment of allopurinol dose based on creatinine clearance is provided.
5. Hollander JJ, Van Saase J, Koote E et al. Beneficial effects of conversion from cyclosporine to azathioprine after kidney transplantation. Lancet 345:610-614, 1995
6. Walz-LeBlanc BAE, Reynold WJ, MacFadden DK. Allopurinol sensitivity in a patient with chronic to phaceous gout. Success of intravenous desensitization after failure of oral desensitization. Arthritis Rheum 34:1329-1331, 1991.
Desensitization can allow allopurinol use after some allergic reactions.
7. Calabrese G, Simmons HA, Cameron JS, et al. Precocious familial gout with reduced fractional urate clearance and normal purine enzymes. Quart J Med 277:441-450, 1990.
Familial gout may be on a renal basis.
8. Agudelo CA, Weinberger A, Schumacher HR, et al. Definite diagnosis of gouty arthritis by identification of urate crystals in asymptomatic metatarsophalangeal joints. Arthritis Rheum 22:559-560, 1979.
The definitive diagnosis of gout can be made in the interim between attacks. Reasons why crystals cause inflammation at some times but not others are still a puzzle.
9. Siegel LB, Alloway JA, Nashel DJ. Comparison of ACTH and triamcinoloneacetonide in treatment of acute gouty arthritis. Sem Arth Rheum 24:359-369, 1994.
Systemic steroids in
several forms are effective for acute gout. The steroids in this study
required less repeat injections than ACTH.
10. Ryan LM, McCarty DJ. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition
disease: pseudogout, articular chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis and Allied
Conditions, twelfth edition, edited by McCarty DJ, Koopman WJ, Philadelphia,
Lea and Febiger, pp1835-1855, 1993.
A comprehensive review of CPPD crystal associated syndromes by the discoverer and his group.
11. Rodriquez-Valverde V, Zuniga M, et al. Hereditary articular chondrocalcinosis. Am J Med 84:101-106, 1988.
Familial CPPD disease has occurred in a variety of populations.
12. Farm AG, Morava-Protznert J, Purcell C et al. Acceleration of experimental lapine osteoarthritis by calcium pyrophosphate microcrytstalline synovitis. Arthritis Rheum 38:208-210, 1995.
CPPD crystals are very common in OA knees. This study suggests that they may accelerate disease progression.
13. Halverson PB, McCarty DJ. Clinical aspects of basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 14:427- 439, 1988.
The concept of basic calcium phosphate crystal-associated disorders with mixed apatite-like crystals is reviewed.
14. Zakraoui L, Schumacher HR et al. Idiopathic destructive arthropathies: clinical, light and electron microscope studies. J Clin Rheum 2:19-17, 1996.
Milwaukee shoulder syndrome is reviewed in the context of shoulder destruction in other large joints, rheumatic conditions. Data on clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings are provided. Similar destructive arthritis occurs at other large joints.
15. Schumacher HR, Reginato AJ. Atlas of synovial fluid analysis and crystal identification. Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1991.
A resource for photomicrographs of the less common and rare crystals.
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FIBROMYALGIA
Compiled by Dr. Rob Bennett
Historical or Classical
1. Mitchell SW. The evolution of the rest-treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 31:368-373, 1904.
2. Gowers WR. Lumbago: Its lessons and analogues. BMJ 1:117-121, 1904.
3. Stockman R. The causes, pathology and treatment of chronic rheumatism. Edinburgh Medical J 15:107-116, 1904
4. Moldofsky H, Scarlsbrick P, England R, Smythe H. Musculosketal symptoms and non REM sleep disturbance In patients' with 'Fibrositis syndrome" end healthy subjects Psychosom Mod 37:341-351. 1975
5. Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P: Induction of neurasthenic musculoskeletal pain syndrome by selective sleep stage deprivation. Psychosom Med 28:35-44, 1976.
6. Smythe HA, Moldofsky 11. Two contributions to understanding of the "fibrositis" syndrome. Bull Rheum Dis 23: 926-831, 1977
7. Yunus. M, Masi AT, Calabro JJ, Miller KA, Feigenbaum SL. Primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis). Clinical study of 50 patients with matched normal controls. .Semin Arthritis Rheum 11:151.171, 1981
8. Bennett RM. Fibrositis misnomer for a common on rheumatic disorder, West J Med 134:405-413, 1981.
9. Campbell SM, Clark S. Tindall EA, Forshand 104E, Bennett RM. Clinical characteristics of fibrositis. A blinded controlled study of symptoms and tender points. Arth Rheum 26:817-824, 1983.
Clinical
10. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, Fam AG, Farber SJ, Flechtner JJ, Franklin CM, Gatter RA, Hamaty D, Lessard J, Lichtbroun AS, Masi AT, McCain GA, Reynolds WJ, Romano TJ, Russell IJ, Sheon RP. The American College of Rheumatology l990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia: Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arth Rheum 33:160-172, 1990.
11. Aaron LA, Bradley LA, Alarcon GS, Alexander, RW, Triana-Alexander M, Martin MY, Alberts KR. Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with figromyalgia are related to health care-seeking behavior rather than to illness. Arthritis Rheum 39:436-445, 1996.
12. Bengtsson A, Backman E, Lindblom B, Skogh T. Long term follow-up of figromyalgia patients: clinical symptoms, muscular function, laboratory tests - an eight year comparison study. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 2:67-80, 1994.
13. Reilly PA, Littlejohn GO. Peripheral arthralgic presentation of fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheum 19:281-283, 1992.
14. Bennett, RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, Ingram SB, Burckhardt CS, Nelson DL, Porter JM. Symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome in patients with fibromyalgia. A study utilizing the Nielsen test, digital photoplethysmography, and measurements of platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Arth Rheum 34:264-269, 1991.
15. Bonafede RP, Downey DC, Bennett RM. An association of fibromyalgia with primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a prospective study of 72 patients. J Rheum 22:133-136, 1995.
16. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia and quality of life: A comparitive analysis. J Rheum 20:475-479, 1993.
17. Yunus MB, Aldag JC, Restless legs syndrome and leg cramps in fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled study. Br Med J 312:133, 1996.
18. Burckhardt CS, Clark SR, Bennett RM. The fibromyalgia impact questionaire: development and validation. J Rheum 18:728-733, 1991
19. *Croft P, Burt J, Schollum J, Thomas G, Macfarlane G, Silman A. More pain, more tender points: Is finbromyalgia just one end of a continuous spectrum? Ann Rheum Dis 55:482-485, 1996.
20. Croft P, Schollum J, Silman A. Population study of tender point counts and pain as evidence of fibromyalgia. BMJ 309:696-699, 1994.
21. Yunus MB, Ahlse TA, Aldag JC, Masi AT. Relationship of cilnlincal features with psychological status in primary fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 34:15-21, 1991.
22. *Wolfe F, Ross K, Anderson J, Russell IJ, Hebert L. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the general population. Arth Rheum 38:19-28, 1995.
23. Simms RW, Ferrante N, Craven DE. High prevalence of fibromayalgia syndrome (FMS) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infected patients with polyarthralgia. Arth Rheum 33(9): S136, 1990
24. Borenstein D. Prevalence and treatment outcome of primary and secondary fibromyalgia in patients with spinal pain. Spine 20:796-800, 1995
25. Felson DT, Goldenberg DL. The natural history of fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 29:1522-1526, 1988
26. Goldenberg DL, Simms RW, Geiger A, Komaroff AL. High frequency of fibromyalgia in patients with chronic fatigue seen in primary care practice. Arth Rheum 33:361-367, 1990
27. Henriksson C, Gundmark I, Bengtsson A, Ek AC. Living with fibromyalgia, Consequences for everyday life. Clin J Pain 1:138-144, 1992
28. *Henriksson CM. Longterm effects of fibromyalgia on everyday life. A study of 56 patients. Scand J Rheum 23:36-41, 1994.
29. Simms RW, Goldenberg DL. Symptoms mimicking neurologic disorders in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheum 15:1271-1273, 1988.
30. Yunus MB, Hussey FX, Aldag JC. Antinuclear antibodies and connective disease features in fibromyalgia syndrome: a controlled study. J Rheum 20:1557-1560, 1993
31. Triadafilopoulos G, Simms RW, Goldenberg DL. Bowel dysfunction in fibromyalgia syndrome, Dig Dis Sci 36:59-64, 1991.
32. Hudson JI, Goldenberg DL, Pope HG, Keck PE, Schlesinger L. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia with medical and psychiatric disorders. Am J Med 92:363-367, 1992.
Basic
33. Mountz JM, Bradley LA, Modell JG, Alexander RW, Triana-Alexander M, aaron LA, Stewart KE, Alarcon GS, Mountz JD. Fibromyaliga in women. Abnormalities of regional cerebral bllod flow in the thalmus and the caudate nucleus are associated with low pain threshold levels. Arth Rheum 38:926-935, 1995
34. Russel IJ, Orr MD, Littman B, Vipralo GA, Alboukrek D, Michalek JE, Lopez Y, MacKillip F. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of substance P in patinetswith fibromyalgia syndrome. Arth Rheum 37:1593-1601, 1994
35. Crofford LJ, Pillemer SR, Kalogeras KT, Cash JM, Michelson D, KlingMA, Sternberg EM, Gold PW, Chrousos GP, Wilder RL. Hypothalamic -pituitary-adrenal axis pertutbations in patients with fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 31:1583-1592, 1994.
36. Sorenson J, Bengtsson A, Backman E, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M. Pain analysis in patients with fibromyalgia: effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine and ketamine. Scand J Rheumatol 24:360-364, 1995
37. Wall PD, Woolf CJ. Muscle but not cutaneous C-afferent input produces prolonged increases in the excitability of the flexion reflex in the rat. J Physiol 356:443-458, 1984
38. Hoheisel U, Mense S, Simon. DG, Yu XM. Apperance of new receptive fields in rat dorsal horn neurons following noxious stimulation of sleletal muscle: a model for referral of muscle pain? Neurosci Lett 153:9-12, 1993.
39. Bennett RM, Clark SR, Campbell SM, Burckhardt CS. Low levels of somatomedin C in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome: A possible link between sleep and muscle pain. Arth Rheum 35:1113-1115, 1992
40. Branco J, . Atalaia A, Paiva T. Sleep cycles and alpha-delta sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 21: 1113-1117, 1994
41. Simms RW, Roy SH, Hrovat M, Andersen JJ, Skrinar G, LePoole SR, Zerbini CA, de Luca C, Jolesz F. Lackof association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism. Arth Rheum 37:794-800, 1994.
42. Drewes AM, Nielsen KD, Taagholt SJ, Bjerregard K, Svendsen L, Gade J. Sleep intensity in fibromyalgia: focus on the micrstructure of the sleep process. Br J Rheumatol 34:629-635, 1995.
43. Jubrias SA, Bennett RM, Klug GA. Incresaed incidence of a ressonance in the phosphodiester region of 31P nuclear magnetic ressonance spectra in the skeletal muscle of fibromyalgia patients. Arth Rheum 37:801-807, 1994.
44. Dubner R. Hyperalgesia and expanded receptiove fileds. Pain 48:3-4, 1992
45. Dubner R, Ruda MA. Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity following tissue injury and inflammation. Trends Neurol Sci 15:96-103, 1992
46. Mense S. Referral of muscle pain. APS Journal 3:1-8, 1994.
47. Elert JE, Rantapaa Dehiqvist SB, , Henrikisson-Larsen K, Gerdle B. Increased EMG activity during short pauses in patients with primary fibromyalgia. Scand J Rheumatol 18:321-323, 1989
48. Mense S. Nociception from skeletal muscle in relation to clinical muscle pain. Pain 54:241-289, 1993.
Management
49. Goldenberg DL. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 15:61-71, 1989.
50. Bennett RM, Burckhard CS, Clark SR, O’Reilly CA, Wiens AN, Cambell SM. Group treatment of fibromyalgia; description and results of a 6 month out patient program. J Rheumatol 23:521-528, 1996.
51. Montplaisir J, Lapierre 0, Warnes H, Pelletier G. The treatment of the restless leg syndrome with or without periodic lag movements in sleep. Sleep 15:391-395, 1992.
52. Bennett RM, Gatter RA, Campbell SM, Andrews RP, Clark SR, Scarola JA. A comparison of cyclobenzaprlne and placebo in the management of fibrositis: A double-bilnd controlled study. Arth Rheum 31:1535-1542, 1985.
53. Goldenberg DL, Felson DT, Dinerman H. A randomized, controlled trial of amitriptyline and naproxen in the treatment of patients with fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 29:1371-1377, 1986.
54. Carette S, McCain GA, Bell DA, Fam AG. Evaluation of amitriptyline In primary fibrositis. A double-bilnd, placebo-controlled study. Arth Rheum 29:655-659, 1986.
55. Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Mously C, Schechter B, Reynolds WJ. The effect of Zolpidem in patients with fibromyalgia: a dose ranging, double blind, placebo-controlled, modified crossover study. J Rheumatol 23:529-533, 1996.
56. Bennett RM, Campbell S, Burckhardt C, Clark SR, O'Reilly C, Wiens A. A multidiciplinary approach to fibromyalgia treatment. J Musculoskel Med 8:21-32, 1991.
57. McCain GA, Bell DA, Mal FM, Halliday PD. A controlled study of the effetts of a supervised cardiovascular fitness training program on the manifestations of primary fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 31:1135-1141, 1988.
58. Clark S, Tindall E, Bennett RM. A double blind crossover trial of prednisone versus plaecebo in the treatment of fibrositis. J Rheumatol 12:980-983, 1985.
59. Goldenberg D, Mayskly M, Mossey C, Ruthazer R, Schmid C. A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia. Arth Rheum 30:1852-1859, 1996.
60. Wigers SH. Stiles TC, Vogel PA. Effects of aerobic exercise versus stress management treatment in fibromyalgia: A.4.5 year prospective study. Scand J Rheumatol 26:77-86, 1996.
61. Martin L, Nutting A, Macintosh BR, Edworthy M, Butterwick D, Cook J. An exercise program in the treatment of fibromyalgla. J Rheumatol 23:1050-1053, 1996.
Reviews
62. Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia: why such controvesy? Ann Rheum 54:3-5, 1995.
63. Wilke WS: Treatment of resistant fibromyalgia. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 21:247-260, 1995.
64. Bennett RM. The contribution of muscle to the generation of fibromyalgia symptomology. J Musculoskeletal Pain 4:35-59, 1996.
65. Goldenberg DL. Fibromyalgia syndrome. AN emerging but controversial condition. JAMA 257:2782-2787, 1987.
66. Bennett RM. Fibromyalgia and the disability dilemmna. A new era in understanding a complex, multidimensional pain syndrome. Arth Rheum 39:1627-1634, 1996.
67. Littlejohn G0: Fibrositis / Fibromyalgia syndrome in the workplace. Rheum Dis Clin North Am16:45-60, 1989.
68. Wolfe F, Allen M, Bennett RM, et a1. The fibromyalgia syndrome: a consconsensus report on fibromyalgia and disability. J Rheumatol 23: 534-539, 1996.
69. Yunus MB. Psychological aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome: a component of the dysfunctional spectrum syndrome. Ballieres Clin Rheumatol 8:811-837, 1994.
70. Yunus MB. Towards a model of pathophysiology of flbromyalgia: aberrant central pain mechanisms with peripheral modulation [editorial]. J Rheumatol 19:846-850, 1992.
71. Masi AT, Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia --which is the best treatment? A personalized, comprehensive, ambulatory, patient-invoved, management programme. Bailleres Clin Rheumatol 4:333-370, 1991.
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HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS (HIV)/OTHER RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS AND IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
Compiled by Dr. Leonard H. Calabrese
HIV:
1. Winchester R, Bernstein D, et al. Co-occurrence of Reiter's Syndrome and Acquired Immunodeficiency. Ann Int Med 106:19- 26, 1987
The original description of the association of Reiter's and HIV infection.
2. Berman A, Espinoza LR, et al. Rheumatic manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 85:59-64,1988
A retrospective analysis of a large cohort of HIV infected individuals for a wide variety of rheumatic diseases.
3. Calabrese LH, Kelley DM, et al. Rheumatic symptoms and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arthritis Rheum 34:257-263, 1991
A prospective longitudinal cohort study noting (1) the occurrence of rheumatic complications over time and (2) the influence of such complications on the course of HIV.
4. Itescu S. Adult immunodeficiency in rheumatic disease. Rheum Dis Clin N Amer 22:53-74, 1996
A general review of the association of rheumatic diseases in HIV infection, as well as other immunodeficiencies.
5. Kazi S, Cohen P, Williams F, et al. The diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome: clinical and immunogenetic features in 35 patients. AIDS 10:385-391, 1996
An epidemiological, clinical, serologic, and immunogenetic study of 35 consecutive patients with this syndrome taken from a cohort of 1000 out-patients infected with HIV1.
6. Goldenberg DL. Septic arthritis and other infections of rheumatic significance. Rheum Dis Clin N Amer 17:149-156, 1991
A general review of septic arthritis in the setting of HIV infection.
7. Calabrese LH. Vasculitis and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Rheum Dis Clin N Amer 17:131-148, 1991
A general review of the experience of vasculitis in HIV infection.
8. Gherardi R, Belec L, Mhiri C. Vasculitis and infections with the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arthritis Rheum 36:1164-1172, 1993
Clinical pathologic analysis of a large number of HIV infected patients with a heterogeneous collection of vascular inflammatory diseases.
HTLV1
9. Nishioka K, Sumida T, Hasunuma T. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in arthropathy and autoimmune disorders. Arthritis Rheum 39:1410-1418, 1996
A thorough review of the clinical and immunopathologic concepts of HTLV1 as an etiology for arthritis and autoimmune disorders as well as a review of the respective clinical syndromes.
Other Immunodeficiencies
10. Lee A, Levinson AL, Schumacher HR. Hypogammaglobulinemia and rheumatic disease. Sem Arthritis Rheum 22:252-264, 1993
A report of four cases of arthritis with hypogammaglobulinemia and a thorough review of the literature.
11. See #4
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INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
Compiled by Dr. Steven B. Abramson
1. Abramson SB. Mediators of inflammation. In, Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, Tenth Edition. Edited by HR Schumacher Jr, JH Klippel, WJ Koopman. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation,1993
Good review of inflammatory cells and their secretory products.
2. Arend WP. Inhibiting the effects of cytokines in human disease. Adv Intern Med 40:365-394, 1995
Review of the mechanisms whereby cytokine effects are inhibited or blocked, with focus on the self-regulation of the cytokine network. Cytokine effects may be regulated at the levels of production, protein binding, receptor expression, soluble receptor generation, or receptor binding. Monoclonal antibodies to TNF-alpha, soluble receptors for IL-1 or TNF, and IL-1ra represent four promising approaches for therapeutic intervention in human diseases.
3. Clancy RM, Abramson SB. Nitric oxide: a novel mediator of inflammation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93-101, 1995
Excellent review of the pleiotropic effects of nitric oxide.
4. Davies KA. Complement, immune complexes and systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheum 35:5-23, 1996
5. de Vries JE. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties of interleukin-10. Ann Med 27:537-541, 1995
IL-10 prevents antigen-specific T cell activation and down regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and eosinophils. IL-10 may have potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of diseases, such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease and sepsis.
6. Dinarello CA, Margolis NH. Cytokine-processing enzymes. Stopping the cuts. Curr Biol 5:587-590, 1995
The recently discovered enzymes that process the precursors of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor are potential targets for the design of new anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
7. Dinarello CA, Wolff SM. Mechanisms of disease: the role ofinterleukin-1 in disease. N Engl J Med 328:106-113, 1993
8. Fernandez-Botran R. Soluble cytokine receptors: their role in immunoregulation. FASEB J 5:2567-2574, 1991
9. Haskard DO. Cell adhesion molecules in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheum 7:229-234, 1995
The adhesion mechanisms that enable leukocytes to migrate from the blood and function within inflamed synovium continue to occupy an area of intense investigation. Inhibiting adhesion molecule function in vivo is a potential option for anti-inflammatory therapy.
10. Kunkel SL, Lukacs N, Kasama T, Strieter RM. The role of chemokines in inflammatory joint disease. J Leukoc Biol 59:6-12, 1996.
A number of studies have identified an association of specific cytokines, including chemokines, with active arthritis. These studies provide insights into the potential mechanisms for leukocyte involvement in inflammatory joint disease.
11. Liao HX, Haynes BF. Role of adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 21:715-740, 1995
Ligation of adhesion molecules on synovial microenvironment cells and immune cells probably regulates synovial and immune cell inflammatory cytokine production. Interruption of adhesion molecule function and interruption of inflammatory cytokine production are promising new sites of therapeutic inhibition of synovial inflammation.
12. McInnes IB, Leung BP, Field M, Wei XQ, Huang F-P, Sturrock RD, Kinninmonth A, Weidner M, Mumford R, Liew FY. Production of nitric oxide in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis patients. J Exp Med 184:1519-1524, 1996
Interesting article identifies cellular sources of NO production within the joint.
13. Nathan CP. Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest 79:319-326, 1987
Excellent review.
14. Pillinger MH, Abramson SB. The neutrophil in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin N Amer 21:691-714, 1995
The recruitment and activation of neutrophils into the inflamed joint contributes to both the signs of acute inflammation and chronic cartilage destruction. The release of proteases, free radicals, and products of arachidonic acid metabolism are discussed.
15. Robinson DR. Lipid mediators, active oxygen, aminos, nitricoxide, kinins and clotting factors. In, Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, Tenth Edition. Edited by HR SchumacherJr., JH Klippel, WJ Koopman. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation,1993
16. Stetson CA. Similarities in the mechanisms determining the Arthus and Shwartzman phenomena. J Exp Med 94:347-358, 1951
Classic article that remains the basis of our understanding of immune-mediated vascular injury.
17. Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A, Engel P. The selectins: vascular adhesion molecules. FASEB J 9:866-873, 1995
18. Werb Z, Huttenlacher A. Proteinases and their inhibitors. In, Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases, Tenth Edition. Edited by HR Schumacher Jr, JH Klippel, WJ Koopman. Atlanta, Arthritis Foundation, 1993
19. Williams G, Giroir BP. Regulation of cytokine gene expression: tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and the emerging biology of cytokine receptors. N Horiz 3:276-287,1995
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INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES
Compiled by Dr. Frederick W. Miller
1. Pachman LM. Inflammatory myopathy in children. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 20:919-942, 1994
Excellent review of the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of the childhood forms of these diseases. Includes 125 references.
2. Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (parts1 and 2). N Engl J Med 292:344-347, and 403-407, 1975
A classic report that defined practical operational criteria and suggested the major clinical divisions still in use today.
3. Bunch TW. Polymyositis: a case history approach to the differential diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc 65:1480-1497, 1990
Discussion of differential diagnosis, extra muscular complications, and therapy (176 references).
4. Dalakas MC. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion- body myositis. N Engl J Med 325:1487-1498, 1991
A good review of the clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment with emphasis on recent advances. There are 143 references.
5. Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med 94:379-387, 1993
Describes the usefulness of dividing myositis patients into clinical and serologic groups for purposes of predicting responses to therapy.
6. Lotz BP, Engel AG, Nishino H, et al. Inclusion body myositis. Observations in 40 patients. Brain 112:727-747, 1989
A clinical and pathologic description of the largest cohort of patients with this relatively recently described form of myositis. Inclusion body myositis could be differentiated from polymyositis on the basis of an insidious onset, slow progression of weakness, and minimal or no response to therapy.
7. Love LA, Leff RL, Fraser DD, et al. A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies. Distinct clinical features, prognoses, HLA associations, and responses define useful homogeneous patient groups. Medicine 70:360-374, 1991
Analysis of patient subsets by the antibodies seen only in myositis patients (anti-synthetase,-SRP, -Mi-2, -MAS autoantibodies). Distinct clinical features, prognoses, HLA associations, and responses to treatment suggest that these serologic groups are likely to be different diseases.
8. Love LA, Miller FW. Noninfectious environmental agents associated with myopathies. Curr Opin Rheum 5:712-718, 1993
A review of the many foods, drugs, medical devices, occupational and other toxic exposures that have been associated with inflammatory and other myopathies.
9. Miller FW. Myositis-specific autoantibodies. Touchstones for understanding the inflammatory myopathies. JAMA 270:1846-1849, 1993
A brief review of the clinico-pathologic groups, systemic manifestations, and assessment of these disorders. Emphasizes the usefulness of the myositis- specific autoantibodies in research and the clinical care of myositis patients.
10. Adams EM, Plotz PH. The treatment of myositis: How to approach resistant disease. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 21:179- 202, 1995
A very readable review of the risks and benefits of therapies in the context of current options.
11. Rider LG. Assessment of disease activity and its sequelae in children and adults with myositis. Curr Opin Rheum 8:495-506, 1996
A comprehensive evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of current modalities of assessing myositis disease activity and damage.
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LYME DISEASE
Compiled by Dr. Allen C. Steere
Reviews:
1. Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 321:586-596, 1989.
2. Saint Girons IGO, Davidson BE. Molecular biology of the borrelia, bacteria with linear replicons. Microbiology140:1803-1816, 1994
Clinical Manifestations:
3. Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Forseter G, Goldberg NS, Bittker S, Cooper D, Aguero-Rosenfeld M, Wormser G. The clinical spectrum of early lyme borreliosis in patients with culture- confirmed erythema migrans. Am J Med 100:502-508, 1996
4. Steere AC, Schoen RT, Taylor E. The clinical evolution of lyme arthritis. Ann Intern Med 107:725-731, 1987
5. Logigian EL, Kaplan RF, Steere AC. Chronic neurologic manifestations of lyme disease. N Engl J Med 323:1438-1444,1990
6. Dinerman H, Steere AC. Lyme disease associated with fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med 117:281-285, 1992
7. Hsu VM, Patella SJ, Sigal LH. "Chronic lyme disease" as the incorrect diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia. Arhtritis Rheum 36:1493-1500, 1993
Diagnostic Tests:
8. Dressler F, Whalen JA, Reinhardt BN, Steere AC. Western blotting in the serodiagnosis of lyme disease. J Infect Dis 167:392-400, 1993
9. Nocton JJ, Dressler F, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, Persing DH, Steere AC. Detection of borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid in lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med 330:229-234, 1994
Treatment:
10. Rahn DW, Malawista SE. Lyme disease: recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 114:472-481, 1991
11. Steere AC, Levin RE, Molloy PJ, Kalish RA, Abraham JH III, Liu NY, Schmid CH. Treatment of lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37:878-888, 1994
Vaccine Development:
12. Keller D, Koster FT, Marks DH, Hosbach P, Erdile LF, Mays JP. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant outer surface protein A lyme vaccine. JAMA 271:1764-1768, 1994
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METABOLIC BONE
DISEASE AND OSTEOPOROSIS
Compiled by Dr. Michelle Petri
1. Als OS, Gotfredsen A, Christiansen C. The effect of glucocorticoids on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Influence of menopausal state. Arthritis Rheum 28:369-375, 1985
In a study of 97 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it was found that rheumatoid arthritis itself was associated with loss of bone mass. Glucocorticoids further aggravate the bone loss. This is true in pre- menopausal patients as well.
2. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. Controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 323:878-883, 1990
A study of 301 healthy post-menopausal women showed that 800mg of calcium daily reduced bone loss, and that calcium citrate was more effective than calcium carbonate.
3. Dykman TR, Gluck OS, Murphy WA, et al. Evaluation of factors associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia inpatients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 28:361- 368, 1985
In a study of 161 rheumatic disease patients, the effect of glucocorticoids on bone loss was cumulative and occurred in all groups. Menopause or age over 50 years was associated with fractures.
4. Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Hahn TJ, et al. Bone loss in adults receiving alternate day glucocorticoid therapy. A comparison with daily therapy. Arthritis Rheum 24:892-898, 1981
Steroid-induced osteopenia occurred in both daily and alternate day corticosteroid regimens.
5. Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Baran DT. Effects of short-term glucocorticoid administration on intestinal calcium absorption and circulating vitamin D metabolite concentration in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:111-115, 1981
Glucocorticoids result in decreased fractional and total intestinal calcium absorption (with normal or increased urinary calcium excretion), but this is not due to alterations in vitamin D metabolism.
6. LoCascio V, Bonucci E, Imbimbo B, et al. Bone loss after glucocorticoid therapy. Calcif Tiss Int 36:435-438, 1984
Ten patients treated with prednisone were compared with 11 treated with deflazacort. Deflazacort resulted in a lower reduction of trabecular bone than equiactive doses of prednisone.
7. Lukert BP, Johnson BE, Robinson RG. Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces glucocorticoid- induced bone loss. J Bone Miner Res 7:1063-1069, 1992
A retrospective study that showed that ERT protects against vertebral bone loss for at least one year in women taking prednisone chronically in doses of 5-15 mg/day.
8. Montemurro L, Schiraldi G, Fraioli P, et al. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis with salmon calcitoninin sarcoid patients. Calcif Tiss Int 49:71-76, 1991
Calcitonin nasal spray was better tolerated and as effective as injections. Both formulations protected against corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in patients with sarcoidosis.
9. Pocock NA, Eisman JA, Dunstan CR, et al. Recovery from steroid-induced osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 107:319-323, 1987
Two patients with Cushing syndrome showed marked increase in bone density during recovery, suggesting that steroid-induced osteoporosis can be reduced in younger patients.
10. Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. Second Edition. Raven Press, New York, 1993
11. Prince RL, Smith M, Duck IM, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Comparative study of exercise, calcium supplementation, and hormone replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 325:1189-1195, 1991
A double-blind randomized study that showed that exercise plus calcium or ERT is effective in slowing bone loss.